Arylalkylsulfonic acids and methods for producing same

ABSTRACT

This invention relates new and improved processes for the preparation of arylalkylsulfonic acids derived from aromatic or substituted aromatic molecules and AOS acid (generally a mixture of alkenesulfonic acid and sultones, produced from the sulfonation of alpha olefins). The invention involves the use of a superacid catalyst to effectuate the conversion of AOS acid and aromatic reactants to arylalkylsulfonic acid under substantially anhydrous conditions, whereby a substantial improvement in the rate of conversion of the reactants to arylalkylsulfonic acid and/or improvement in mono-alkylation selectivity is realized, as compared to methods of preparation previously disclosed. Also useful as an alkylation promoter is the arylalkylsulfonic acid reaction product itself, produced in situ or from a previous reaction (i.e., a self-catalyst heel). The new processes generally afford arylalkylsulfonic acids with substantially improved conversion yields, highly desirable lighter color, and reduced odor, as compared to previously known methods. The acids produced by the inventive process may be neutralized to form arylalkylsulfonates (i.e., a neutralized form of the acid) which are useful in a variety of end use applications as surfactants and/or emulsifiers.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0001] 1. Field of the Invention

[0002] This invention relates to arylalkylsulfonic acids and new and improved processes for the preparation of arylalkylsulfonic acids derived from aromatic or substituted aromatic molecules and alpha olefin sulfonic acid (“AOS acid”; generally a mixture of alkenesulfonic acid and sultones, produced from the sulfonation of alpha olefins). More particularly, the invention relates to the use of a superacid catalyst (or an effective alkylation promoter) to effectuate the conversion of AOS acid and aromatic reactants to arylalkylsulfonic acid under substantially anhydrous conditions. In accordance with this conversion process, a substantial improvement in the rate and selectivity of conversion of the reactants to arylalkylsulfonic acid is realized, as compared to methods of preparation previously disclosed. The processes of the invention generally do not require an AOS acid conversion step (i.e., conversion whereby water is added and removed, along with heating, to and from the crude AOS acid to convert sultones to alkene sulfonic acid) prior to alkylation, nor is there a requirement of digesting the AOS prior use in the alkylation process. Further, the invention allows for achievement of higher selectivity (i.e., monoalkylation versus undesirable polyalkylation and/or AOS acid dimerization/oligomerization) via use of excess aromatic reactants, while at the same time achieving excellent reaction rates.

[0003] 2. Description of Related Art

[0004] Alkylbenzene sulfonic acids and the corresponding sulfonates (i.e., neutralized sulfonic acid) have found wide spread use as surfactants in a variety of detergent, emulsion and industrial applications. These materials typically comprise a substituted aromatic ring, with an alkyl group at one position on the ring and a sulfonic acid moiety attached to another position on the ring; polyalkylates may also be present. Synthetic detergents based on the reaction of propylene tetramer and benzene using Lewis acid catalysts, such as AlCl₃ for example, were once widely used in laundry detergent formulations, but such use as diminished significantly due to environmental concerns. Also used in such formulations, although somewhat less popular, are alkylbenzene sulfonates based on branched alkyl groups. Linear alkylbenzenes starting materials which are based on the reaction of linear olefins (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 3,585,253; to Huang, Jun. 15, 1971) or linear chloroparaffins (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 3,355,508; to Moulden, Nov. 28, 1967) with benzene in the presence of a Lewis Acid catalyst are also well known in the surfactant art. These materials possess excellent detergency properties and are rapidly biodegradable. More recently, HF (or the Detal process variation) has become the alkylation catalyst of choice for the preparation of alkylated benzenes and other alkylated aromatic compounds, based upon environmental objections to the use of AlCl₃.

[0005] Detergent use is the predominant market for alkylbenzene sulfonates. However, these products are also employed in considerable quantities as additives in lubricants, coolants, industrial surfactant formulations, dispersants, emulsifiers, corrosion inhibitors and demulsifiers. Alkylbenzene sulfonates find widespread use in many industries among which are the petroleum recovery, refining, emulsion polymerization, textile dyeing, agriculture, institutional cleaning, drilling fluids, paper processing, coatings, and adhesives industries.

[0006] Present processes for producing alkylaromatics are designed to optimize the yields of detergent alkylate (predominantly monoalkylbenzene). The yields of heavy alkylate (predominantly dialkylbenzene) are therefore low. These heavy alkylates, however, find considerable demand as oil soluble surfactants and specialty chemicals. Dialkylbenzene sulfonates (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,004,638; to Burdyn, et. al., Jan. 25, 1977; 4,536,301; to Malloy, et. al., Aug. 20, 1985), alkyl xylene sulfonates (see, e.g., EP121964) and dialkyl phenol polyethoxy alkyl sulfonates (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,220,204; to Hughes, et. al., Sep. 2, 1980) have all been used to increase the productivity of crude oil. Recently, U.S. Pat. No. 6,043,391; to Berger, et. al., Mar. 28, 2000, disclosed new sulfonic acid materials and processes for producing di- and tri-alkylbenzenes where both linear and branched alkyl groups are present on the same benzene ring.

[0007] Alkoxylated alkyl substituted phenol sulfonates have been produced and found to be useful as surfactants in numerous applications (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,049,311; to Rasheed, et. al., Sep. 17, 1991, listing many uses for these compounds including use in enhanced oil recovery processes, as corrosion inhibitors, hydrotropes, foaming agents in concrete formation, surfactants for dye carriers, surfactants for fiber lubricants, surfactants for emulsion polymerization, as textile detergents, as foaming agents for drilling fluids, and as agricultural emulsifiers).

[0008] Alpha-olefin sulfonates (AOS) are widely used as surfactants in personal care, emulsion polymerization and fire-fighting foam applications, as well as a wide variety of other uses. These materials are typically produced on a commercial scale by sulfonating an alpha-olefin with SO₃, in a falling film sulfonator (see, e.g., Weil, Stirton and Smith; JOACS Vol 42, October 1965, pp 873-875, describing the reaction of hexadecene-1 and octadecene-1 with SO₃ followed by neutralization with NaOH to form the corresponding hexadecene sulfonates). The AOS precursor alpha-olefin sulfonic acid typically comprises alkene sulfonic acid and various sultones. As is well known to those of skill in the art, AOS correspondingly does not comprise a single component, but predominantly a mixture of two materials: an alkene sulfonate and a hydroxyalkane sulfonate. The hydroxyalkane sulfonate is present due to the formation of intermediate sultones when SO₃ reacts with the alpha olefin. Neutralization, with NaOH for example, not only neutralizes the alkene sulfonic acid formed during the sulfonation reaction, but also opens the sultone ring forming additional alkene sulfonate and hydroxyalkane sulfonate. This results in a final product comprising approximately 60-70% alkene sulfonate, approximately 30% 3-, and 4-hydroxy sulfonate and approximately 0-10% disulfonate material; these percentages can vary greatly depending on the sulfonation and neutralization conditions which are utilized.

[0009] U.S. Pat. No. 3,845,114, to Sweeney, et. al., Oct. 29, 1974, teaches that the addition of limited amounts of water to alkene sulfonic acid with subsequent heating to 150° C. converts the sultone to alkene sulfonic acid and hydroxyalkane sulfonic acid. The presence of water during the ring-opening prevents dimerization of the alkene sulfonic acid. Removal of the water dehydrates the hydroxyalkane sulfonic acid back to sultone and alkene sulfonic acid, but leaves the already present alkene sulfonic acid intact. Repeating the process of adding limited amounts of water, heating to 150° C. and removing the water reduces the hydroxyalkane sulfonic acid content and increases the alkene sulfonic acid content. This “conversion” process is shown below in Scheme 1. Typically, for example, for a linear alkyl material, a may be 1 and b may be an integer from about 10 to 12, giving c+d=10-12. Very recently, U.S. Pat. No. 6,043,391 (“the '391 patent”); to Berger, et. al., Mar. 28, 2000, disclosed sulfonic acid materials and processes for producing such materials which required the use of this water/conversion process for the preparation of such materials. In the '391 patent, crude alkene sulfonic acid (containing significant amounts of sultone) produced from the reaction of an alpha-olefin and SO₃, is subjected to the aforementioned water addition and removal process for conversion of sultone to alkene sulfonic acid, which is then used to alkylate a variety of aryl compounds such as benzene, naphthalene, or substituted benzene and naphthalenes.

[0010] Ault, et. al., JOACS, Vol 39, February 1962, pp 132-133, describes the acid catalyzed addition of 10 phenols and phenyl ethers to oleic acid. It was discovered that by using an acid catalyst, such as polyphosphoric acid or methane sulfonic acid, production of aryl substituted stearic acids was possible, as depicted in Scheme 2. Typically, for example, for a linear alkyl material, m+n may equal 14, thus o+p equal 15.

[0011] U.S. Pat. No. 3,502,716; to Kite, Mar. 24, 1970, discloses the use of alkali or alkaline earth metal carboxylates reacted at high temperature with hydroxy sulfonic acid an hydrides to produce the corresponding alkali or alkaline earth alkene sulfonate salts.

[0012] U.S. Pat. No. 3,951,823; to Straus, et. al., Apr. 20, 1976, teaches the reaction of AOS acid with itself and other sulfonated monomers to produce disulfonated dimers having good foaming properties for use in foam well cleanout applications. The '823 patent specifically requires that both monomers contain a sulfonate group and further teaches that suitable starting materials must contain at least about 5 nonaromatic carbon atoms per molecule, a sulfonate functional group, i.e., —SO₃—, and one of the following: (1) a carbon-carbon double bond, i.e., —CH═CH—; (2) an alkanol hydroxy group, or a sulfonate ester group of which the above sulfonate group is a component, i.e., a sultone, and the functional groups must be substituents attached to non-aromatic carbon atoms with the balance being carbon and/or hydrogen.

[0013] Also, as general alkene sulfonic acid and aromatic sulfonic acid background, see e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 2,336,113, Suter, C., Dec. 26, 1944, disclosing the condensation of olefin sulfonic acids with aromatic compounds; U.S. Pat. No. 3,845,114, Sweeney, et. al., Oct. 29, 1974 disclosing processes for conversion of sultones to alkene sulfonic acids; U.S. Pat. No. 3,721,707, Straus, et. al., Mar. 20, 1973, describing organic sulfonic acid oligomers and processes for producing same; U.S. Pat. No. 3,873,590, Straus, et. al., Mar. 25, 1972, describing methyl esters of sulfonic acid oligomers; U.S. Pat. No. 3,875,102, Straus, et. al., Apr. 1, 1975, describing use of methyl esters of sulfonic acid oligomers plasticized with polyvinyl chloride; U.S. Pat. No. 3,953,338, Straus, et. al., describing the use of oligomeric sulfonic acids for foam well cleanout; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,034,161, Alink, B. A., Jul. 23, 1991, describing the synthesis of aryl-substituted aliphatic acids.

[0014] The foregoing description of the related art indicates that a variety of alkene sulfonic acid materials have been prepared using a variety of processes. Further, the forgoing references teach several ways in which alkene sulfonic acid materials can be reacted with aromatic materials to produce derivative sulfonic acid materials. However, to date, prior processes have required the conversion of crude acid from the reaction of an alpha-olefin and SO₃, via the repeated hydrolysis and dehydration with water, resulting in the formation of alkene sulfonic acid as taught by U.S. Pat. No. 3,845,114. Such conversion is time consuming, inconvenient, and on a commercial scale, can be quite costly. Additionally, prior alkene sulfonic acid alkylation processes have failed to produce alkylated products with high reaction throughput rates (i.e. yields) and/or high levels of selectivity toward the desired mono-alkylate products, versus undesirable dialkylate and/or AOS acid dimmer/oligomer materials. Typically, prior art processes which attempted to increase selectivity toward mono-alkylate production via the use of excess aromatic compound were not successful and lower rates were typically obtained.

[0015] In view of the limitations associated with previously known alkene sulfonic acid processing technologies, a need exists for a superior alkylation process whereby a substantial improvement is realized in terms of the reaction rate and reaction product selectivity. Additionally, there is a need for an alkene sulfonic acid alkylation process which does not require teadious conversion of crude alkene sulfonic acid (i.e., conversion whereby water is added and removed in a cyclic manner (and heating is applied) to and from the crude AOS acid to convert the sultone to alkene sulfonic acid) prior to alkylation. Further, there is a need for an alkene sulfonic acid alkylation process which does not require digestion of the crude alkene sulfonic acid prior to its use in the alkylation process.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0016] This invention relates to arylalkylsulfonic acids and new and improved processes for the preparation of arylalkylsulfonic acids derived from aromatic (or substituted aromatic) molecules and AOS acid. It has been surprisingly discovered that crude AOS acid, which contains an appreciable amount of sultone material, can be directly converted to arylalkylsulfonic acids, without the use of water addition/removal conversion cycles. In accordance with this discovery, the invention relates to the use of a superacid catalyst (or an alkylation promoter) to effectuate the conversion of AOS acid and aromatic reactants to arylalkylsulfonic acid under substantially anhydrous conditions, whereby a substantial improvement in the rate (and monoalkylation selectivity) of conversion of the reactants to arylalkylsulfonic acid is realized, as compared to methods of preparation previously known. The processes of the invention generally do not require an AOS acid conversion step (i.e., conversion, whereby water is added and removed in a repeated cyclic fashion, along with heating, to and from the crude AOS acid to convert the sultone to alkene sulfonic acid) prior to alkylation. Additionally, the processes of the invention do not require that the AOS acid be digested (defined hereinafter) prior to use in the alkylation reaction.

[0017] Accordingly, the invention encompasses a method for preparing an arylalkylsulfonic acid comprising alkylating an aromatic compound with an AOS acid in the presence of a superacid catalyst at a temperature sufficient to produce an arylalkylsulfonic acid, wherein the alkylation is conducted under substantially anhydrous conditions. Generally, the aromatic compound is selected from the group consisting of benzene, a mono-substituted aromatic compound, a poly-substituted aromatic compound, alkylbenzene, alkoxylated benzene, a polycyclic aromatic compound, a mono-substituted polycyclic aromatic compound, a poly-substituted polycyclic aromatic compound, naphthalene and alkylnaphthalene, or a mixture thereof. The AOS acid typically comprises an alkene sulfonic acid, a sultone or a mixture thereof. The AOS acid may also be predominantly sultone material. The superacid catalyst is generally selected from the group consisting of a solid super-acid, a perfluorosulfonic acid resin (e.g., Nafion® NR50, a registered trademark of E. I. duPont de Nemours Co.), a supported perfluorosulfonic acid resin, a metal sulfate, zirconium sulfate, zirconium tungstate, a superacid zeolite, a sulfated metal oxyhydroxyide, a sulfated metal oxysilicate, a superacid metal oxide, CF₃SO₃H or a mixture thereof.

[0018] As previously stated, it has been surprisingly discovered that the processes of the invention generally do not require an AOS acid conversion step. Although less preferred and also not required, the method can optionally further comprise digesting (distinct from conversion and defined hereinafter) the AOS acid, optionally in the presence of water, and optionally in the presence of the aromatic compound, and if present, removing said water prior to alkylation, such that the alkylation is conducted under substantially anhydrous conditions.

[0019] It is a further object of the invention to provide a method for preparing an arylalkylsulfonic acid, comprising:

[0020] a) sulfonating an alpha olefin to form an AOS acid;

[0021] b) alkylating an aromatic compound with the AOS acid in the presence of a superacid catalyst, wherein the alkylation is conducted under substantially anhydrous conditions and at a temperature sufficient to produce an arylalkylsulfonic acid.

[0022] The processes of the invention may also comprise alkylating the aromatic compound with an AOS 0.15 acid in the presence of an alkylation promoter comprising the arylalkylsulfonic acid itself, i.e., a reaction heel, either from a previous preparation or prepared concurrently in the process being practiced. These embodiments may also include the use of a superacid catalyst in combination with the alkylation promoter.

[0023] It is further an object of the invention to provide arylalkylsulfonic acids produced by the processes disclosed herein. Another object of the invention is to provide arylalkylsulfonates produced by neutralization of the arylalkylsulfonic acids from the processes disclosed herein. A further object of the invention is a detergent or emulsion composition comprising such sulfonates.

[0024] The reaction of AOS acid with an aromatic compound, in the presence of the superacid catalyst (or arylalkylsulfonic acid alkylation promoter heel), may be carried out in batch mode, semi-continuous or in a continuous flow process such as provided by, for example, a continuous stirred tank reactor. In addition to improved rates of conversion, the new processes generally afford arylalkylsulfonic acids with substantially higher conversion yields, highly desirable lighter color and reduced odor, as compared to previously known methods for preparing such acids.

[0025] Further, the invention allows for achievement of higher selectivity (i.e., monoalkylation) via use of excess aromatic, while at the same time achieving excellent reaction rates. This discovery is especially surprising, as in previously known methods, the use of excess aromatic dramatically slows reaction rates such that the reaction is not commercially practical or such that very high reaction temperatures are needed, resulting in very poor product color and odor.

[0026] These and other objects and advantages are achieved by the invention description below.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0027] The invention provides a method for preparing an arylalkylsulfonic acid comprising alkyating an aromatic compound with an AOS acid in the presence of a superacid catalyst and at a temperature sufficient to produce an arylalkylsulfonic acid, wherein the alkylation is conducted under substantially anhydrous conditions. Typically, the molar ratio of aromatic compound to AOS acid is from about 1:1 to about 30:1. Ide ally, the molar ratio of aromatic compound to AOS acid is from about 2:1 to about 10:1. The aromatic compound is generally selected from the group consisting of benzene, a mono-substituted aromatic compound, a poly-substituted aromatic compound, alkylbenzene, alkoxylated benzene, a polycyclic aromatic compound, a mono-substituted polycyclic aromatic compound, a poly-substituted polycyclic aromatic compound, naphthalene and alkylnaphthalene, or a mixture thereof. More specifically, the aromatic compound is selected form the group consisting of benzene, toluene, xylene, cumene, ethyl benzene, propylbenzene and naphthalene, or a mixture thereof. Ideally, the aromatic compound is benzene or toluene. Although somewhat less preferred, the aromatic compound may also be selected from the group consisting of phenol, alkylphenol, alkoxylated phenol, and alkoxylated alkylphenol, or a mixture thereof.

[0028] The AOS acid generally comprises an alkene sulfonic acid, a sultone or a mixture thereof. The sultone is generally of the formula:

[0029] and the alkene sulfonic acid is generally of the formula:

[0030] wherein a is 1, 2 or 3 and b is an integer 1 to 31; wherein c and d are independently integers 0 to 33, provided that c+d 1 to 33. Typically, although not necessarily critical, the molar ratio of alkene sulfonic acid to sultone is from about 1:1 to about 1:4.

[0031] The superacid catalyst is selected from the group consisting of a solid superacid, a perfluorosulfonic acid (e.g., Nafion® NR50) or a resin thereof, a superacid zeolite, a supported perfluorosulfonic acid resin, a metal sulfate, zirconium sulfate, zirconium tungstate, a sulfated metal oxyhydroxyide, a sulfated metal oxysilicate, a superacid metal oxide, CF₃SO₃H, or a mixture thereof. Generally, the perfluorosulfonic acid resin is a copolymer of sulfonyl fluorovinyl ether and a fluorocarbon.

[0032] The arylalkylsulfonic acid comprises a compound of the formula:

[0033] wherein m and n are independently integers 0 to 34, provided that m+n is at least 2 and wherein m+n is equal to or less than 34; wherein R and R′ are independently branched or straight chain C₁₋₃₆ alkyl or substituted alkyl. Typically, processes of the invention provide this material as the primary component in excess of 30% by weight, and ideally in excess of 50% by weight, based on the total weight of the arylalkylsulfonic acid.

[0034] The arylalkylsulfonic acid may further comprise a compound of the formula:

[0035] wherein m and n are independently 0-34, provided that m+n is at least 2 and wherein m+n is equal to or less than 34; wherein o and p are independently 0-34, provided that o+p is at least 2 and wherein o+p is equal to or less than 34; wherein R and R′ are independently branched or straight chain C₁₋₃₆ alkyl or substituted alkyl. Ideally, processes of the invention provide this material as aminor component relative to the monoalkalkylate material.

[0036] The arylalkylsulfonic acid may further comprise an AOS acid dimer compound of the formula:

[0037] wherein a and b are independently 0-34, provided that a+b is at least 2 and wherein a+b is equal to or less than 34; wherein c and d are independently 0-34, provided that c+d is at least 2 and wherein c+d is equal to or less than 34. Although the above structure indicates a dimer acid connected by one carbon-carbon bond, two acid molecules may be connected together by two carbon-carbon bonds, thereby producing a cyclic type dimer acid (oligomeric acids are also contemplated). Again ideally, processes of the invention provide this material as aminor component relative to the monoalkalkylate material.

[0038] Typically, the alkylation processes detailed herein are conducted at a temperature from about 80° C. to about 200° C.; the alkylation is always conducted at a temperature below the decomposition temperature of the reactants or products. Ideally, the alkylation is conducted at a temperature from about 100° C. to about 150° C.

[0039] In another embodiment, the invention further provides a method for preparing an arylalkylsulfonic acid, comprising:

[0040] a) sulfonating an alpha olefin to form an AOS acid;

[0041] b) alkylating an aromatic compound with the AOS acid in the presence of a superacid catalyst, wherein the alkylation is conducted under substantially anhydrous conditions and at a temperature sufficient to produce an arylalkylsulfonic acid. In accordance with this embodiment, the aromatic compound is selected from the group of materials previously defined above, with the AOS to aromatic ratio as previously defined. Further, the AOS acid comprises an alkene sulfonic acid, a sultone or a mixture thereof, as previously discussed; the sultones and alkene sulfonic acids are of the formulas and present in the ratios as detailed above. The superacid catalysts useful in accordance with this embodiment are the same as those previously described; the temperature at which the alkylation is conducted is as previously detailed. Additionally, the arylalkylsulfonic acid comprises compounds similar to those described above. The alpha olefins useful in this embodiment are of the formula

[0042] wherein n=1-33. Additionally, branched olefins may be used, as well as internal olefins which are either linear or branched; vinylidines may also be used.

[0043] In yet another embodiment, the invention provides a method for preparing an arylalkylsulfonic acid comprising alkylating an aromatic compound with an AOS acid in the presence of an alkylation promoter comprising a compound of the formula:

[0044] wherein m and n are independently integers 0 to 34, provided that m+n is at least 2 and wherein m+n is equal to or less than 34; wherein R and R′ are independently branched or straight chain C₁₋₃₆ alkyl or substituted alkyl, wherein the alkylation is conducted at a temperature sufficient to produce an arylalkylsulfonic acid; and wherein the alkylation is conducted under substantially anhydrous conditions; and wherein the alkylation promoter is present in at least about 25% by weight, based on the weight of the AOS acid. Ideally, the alkylation promoter is present in at least a 1:1 ratio with the AOS acid. Most ideally, the alkylation promoter is present in at least a 2:1 ratio with the AOS acid. The alkylation promoter may be prepared in situ during an alkylation reaction or may originate from a previous arylalkylsulfonic acid formation reaction. The term “alkylation promoter” as used herein means the materials described above and below, wherein such materials are very strong anhydrous acid materials which are capable of effectuating the alkylation reaction to produce an arylalkylsulfonic acid with the requisite properties, i.e., selectivity, yield, color, etc.

[0045] In accordance with this embodiment, the alkylation promoter may further comprise a compound of the formula:

[0046] wherein m and n are independently 0-34, provided that m+n is at least 2 and wherein m+n is equal to or less than 34; wherein o and p are independently 0-34, provided that o+p is at least 2 and wherein o+p is equal to or less than 34; wherein R and R′ are independently branched or straight chain C₁₋₃₆ alkyl or substituted alkyl. Further, the alkylation promoter may comprise a compound of the formula:

[0047] wherein a and b are independently 0-34, provided that a+b is at least 2 and wherein a+b is equal to or less than 34; wherein c and d are independently 0-34, provided that c+d is at least 2 and wherein c+d is equal to or less than 34. Again, this dimer acid material may contain a cyclic type structure as previously discussed above, and/or may be oligomeric in nature.

[0048] Further in accordance with this embodiment, the AOS acid comprises an alkene sulfonic acid, a sultone, with the structures/formulas for such materials being as previously defined, or a mixture thereof. The alkylation promotion agent may further comprise a superacid catalyst, such as those previously described.

[0049] In another embodiment, the invention provides a method for preparing an arylalkylsulfonic acid comprising

[0050] a) sulfonating an alpha olefin to form an AOS acid which comprises an alkene sulfonic acid and a sultone;

[0051] b) alkylating an aromatic compound with the AOS acid in the presence of an alkylation promoter, wherein the alkylation is conducted at a temperature sufficient to produce an arylalkylsulfonic acid, and wherein the alkylation is conducted under substantially anhydrous conditions. The alpha olefin, alkene sulfonic acid, sultone, the alkylation promoter and arylalkylsulfonic acid are as previously defined. This embodiment may further comprise the use of a previously identified superacid catalyst in combination with the alkylation promoter.

[0052] The invention provides arylalkylsulfonic acids produced by the processes identified herein.

[0053] Aromatic Compounds

[0054] The aromatic compound may generally be any compound which is capable of being alkylated with an alkene sulfonic acid (which comprises alkene sulfonic acid molecules and sultones, or alternatively a material which predominently comprises sultones). Generally, and in addition to any of the compounds previously identified, the aromatic compound can be any one of those identified and produced in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,146,026; Berna Tejero, et. al., Sep. 8, 1992; 6,129,219; Kojima, et. al., Jan. 2, 2001; 5,157,158; Berna Tejero, et. al., Oct. 20, 1992; Waller, F. J., Catalysis With a Perfluorinated Ion-Exchange Polymer, ACS Symp. Ser. (1986), 308 (Polym. Reagents Catal.), 42-67; Haran, N. P., et. al., Catalysis by Ion Exchange Resins-Alkylation, 1978, Chem. Petro-Chem. J., v. 9, n. 7, p. 21-28; and Olah, G. A., et. al., Perflourinated Resinsulfonic Acid (Nafion®-H) Catalysts in Synthesis, 1986, Synthesis, v. 7, pp. 513-531 (all incorporated herein in entirety). The aromatic compound may be of the general formula

[0055] where naphthalene and any other polycyclic aromatics may be substituted for benzene, and where none is defined as no substitution in the structure and where R₁, R₂ and R3 are independently none, alkyl (branched or linear C₁₋₃₆), or alkyloxy (derived from ethylene-, propylene- or butylene-oxide, or a mixture thereof), provided that any alkoxy group is stable to the highly acidic processing conditions. Branching of the alkyl group(s) may be in present in a variety of positions and as generally described in WO 00/43478; Scheibel, et. al.; pub. Jul. 27, 2000, incorporated herein by reference.

[0056] AOS Acids

[0057] As used herein the term “AOS acid” (or alpha olefin sulfonic acid) means an acid material which is the reaction product of sulfonating an olefin, typically an alpha olefin, and generally comprises an alkene sulfonic acid, a sultone or a mixture thereof (the formulas for such materials are as previously described). Alkene sulfonic acid (or AOS acid which contains an appreciable amount of alkene sulfonic acid) is the precursor to alpha-olefin sulfonate or AOS which is a widely used surfactant with many applications for foaming, cleaning, emulsifying, and wetting. AOS acid is typically produced through the reaction of SO₃ with mono-olefinic hydrocarbon, as shown for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,061,617; 2,572,605; and 3,444,191, all incorporated in the entirety herein. A process for producing high yields of alkene sulfonic acids is found in Weil, et. al., JAOCS, Vol. 41, October 1965, pp 873-875. The ratio of alkene sulfonic acid to sultone is from 1:1 to about 1:4 depending on manufacturing temperature, pressure, flow rates and other parameters known to those skilled in the art. The position of the double bond of the alkene sulfonic acid and the number of carbons in the sultone ring can also vary depending on these same parameters.

[0058] As an alternative embodiment, sultone based AOS acid, i.e., sultone which contains no alkene sulfonic acid or only trace amounts (less than 2 weight percent) of alkene sulfonic acid can be utilized in the alkylation methods described herein.

[0059] The processes of the invention generally do not require an AOS acid conversion step. As used herein, conversion is defined as the addition and removal of water in a cyclic fashion, with the application of heat (i.e. the crude acid is heated to just below its decomposition temperature), to and from the crude AOS acid to convert the sultone present in the crude acid mixture to alkene sulfonic acid prior to alkylation. Although less preferred and not required, the methods described can optionally further comprise digesting the AOS acid, optionally in the presence of water, and optionally in the presence of the aromatic compound, and removing said water prior to alkylation, such that the alkylation is conducted under substantially anhydrous conditions. As used herein, digestion is defined a thermal heating of alkene sulfonic acid (or sultone relative to the alkene sulfonic acid), for a limited period of time (i.e., about 1-120 minutes) at a temperature less than the decomposition temperature of the acid (i.e. 40-200° C.). However, digestion is distinct from conversion. In practicing digestion, water is not added and removed in a cyclic manner, as is the case with conversion. As a further distinction, digestion does not necessarily convert sultones to alkenes as is achieved with conversion; generally in the absence of water, thermal digestion actually may convert alkene sulfonic acids to sultones, an opposite effect of conversion.

[0060] As is well known to those of skill in the art, olefin starting materials, superacid catalysts and crude alkene sulfonic acids may be somewhat hygroscopic and inherently contain trace amounts of water. Accordingly, the term “substantially anhydrous” as used herein for describing alkylation conditions denotes reaction mixtures which are basically free of added water, excepting trace amounts which are typically associated with the process reactants. Quantitatively, the term “substantially anhydrous” generally denotes a material which contains less than about 1% by weight of water, based on the weight of the crude AOS acid utilized.

[0061] Superacid Catalysts

[0062] In addition to those previous identified, the superacid catalysts useful herein are generally any superacid catalyst which is capable of catalyzing alkylation an aromatic compound with an AOS acid at a temperature sufficient to produce an arylalkylsulfonic acid, wherein the alkylation is conducted under substantially anhydrous conditions. Generally and in addition to those previously discussed, the superacid catalyst can be any one of those identified in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,146,026; Berna Tejero, et. al., Sep. 8, 1992; 6,129,219; Kojima, et. al., Jan. 2, 2001; 5,157,158; Berna Tejero, et. al., Oct. 20, 1992; Waller, F. J., Catalysis With a Perfluorinated Ion-Exchange Polymer, ACS Symp. Ser. (1986), 308 (Polym. Reagents Catal.), 42-67; Haran, N. P., et. al., Catalysis by Ion Exchange Resins-Alkylation, 1978, Chem. Petro-Chem. J., v. 9, n. 7, p. 21-28; and Olah, G. A., et. al., Perflourinated Resinsulfonic Acid (Nafion®-H) Catalysts in Synthesis, 1986, Synthesis, v. 7, pp. 513-531. Further superacid catalysts are those identified in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,304,688 (“the '688 patent) and 5,708,563; the definition of “superacid” as used herein is provided in the '688 patent, along with methods of measuring superacidity and various classes of suitable superacid catatlysts.

[0063] Generally, the amount of super acid cataylyst used is at least about 25% by weight, based on the amount of AOS acid. Ideally, the superacid catalyst is present in an amount of at least 100% by weight, based on the amount of AOS acid.

[0064] Alternative Catalyst Embodiments

[0065] The catalyst(s) used herein may be homogeneous or heterogeneous, with the later being particularly preferred, based upon ease of separation from the product and recycleability. Mixtures of superacids and an alkylation promoter may be utilized. Although less preferred and not desirable, known very strong anhydrous acids may be utilized alone or in combination with the superacids and/or alkylation promoter previously identified, provided that such use or combination is capable of catalyzing the alkylation of an aromatic compound with an AOS acid at a temperature sufficient to produce a predominantly monoalkylated arylalkylsulfonic acid, wherein the alkylation is conducted under substantially anhydrous conditions, without the need for conversion of the starting AOS acid. These less preferred very strong anhydrous acid catalysts are weaker in strength than traditional superacid catalysts. Examples of suitable optional very strong acid catalysts include any sulfonic acid type ion-exchange catalysts and catalyst resin systems which is capable of effectuation the alkylation detailed herein, such as for example, Amberlyst-15, acidic zeolites, acidic clays or a mixture thereof. Other effective very strong acid catalysts include marcroreticular sulfonic acid polymers such as sulfonated poly(styrene-divinylbenezene) ion exchange resins.

[0066] The arylalkylsulfonic acids produced in accordance with the invention may be used “as is” or neutralized with a variety of bases such as NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)₂, MgO₂, Ba(OH)₂, NH₃, monoethanol amine (MEA), diethanol amine (DEA), triethanol amine (TEA), iso-propanol amine, and other amines, or mixtures of such bases, to form the corresponding sulfonates.

[0067] The arylalkysulfonates are excellent surfactants, i.e., they are effective as surface and interfacial tension reducers, wetting agents, foaming agents and grease-cutting agents. The sulfonates can be used in cleaning and emulsion formulations, including hard surface cleaners, shampoos, body washes, liquid and powdered laundry detergent formulations, personal care cleansing formulations, water-in-oil emulsions, oil-in-water emulsions, and the like.

[0068] Optional Ingredients

[0069] The arylalkylsulfonates can be blended with other traditional surfactants, such as nonionic, cationic, anionic, and amphoteric/zwitterionic surfactants. The arylalkylsulfonates or blends thereof with traditional surfactants can be formulated into a variety of end use products such as personal care compositions (shampoos, body washes, soap bars, etc.), hard surface cleaners, laundry cleaning compositions (liquids, heavy duty liquids, and powders), dish cleaning compositions (light duty liquids), oil-in-water emulsions, water-in-oil emulsions, and the like. These end use products may also contain various ingredients typically associated with them. The traditional surfactants, along with other application specific optional ingredients, which may be blended with the arylalkylsulfonates disclosed herein are those detailed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,218,346; 6,254,859; 6,172,026; 6,165,499; 5,945,394; 5,746,945; 5,705,147; 5,637,758; and 5,616,781 all to Stepan Company, incorporated herein by the entirety.

[0070] All documents, e.g., patents, journal articles and test methods, cited above or below are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. In the following examples, all amounts are stated in percent by weight of active material unless indicated otherwise. One skilled in the art will recognize that modifications may be made in the present invention without deviating from the spirit or scope of the invention. The invention is illustrated further by the following examples which are not to be construed as limiting the invention or scope of the specific procedures or compositions described herein. All levels and ranges, temperatures, results etc., used herein are approximations unless otherwise specified.

[0071] The terms listed below and as used herein have the following meanings and/or are supplied by the companies indicated Term Definition Nafion ® NR50 Perflourosulfonic acid resin catalyst; available from Aldrich Chemical Company, Milwaukee, WI, and a registered trademark of E. I. duPont de Nemours & Co., Inc. Nation ® SAC-13 10-20 weight percent of Nafion Acidic polymer on a high surface area amorphous silica support; available from Aldrich Chemical Company, Milwaukee, WI, and a registered trademark of E. I. duPont de Nemours & Co., Inc. Amberlyst ® 15 Strongly acidic, macroreticular, sulfonated styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer ion-exchange resin; available from and a registered trademark of Rohm and Haas Co. Zirconium ⅛” cylinders of ZrO₂ doped with 13% WO₃; Tungstate Engelhard Corporation, Beachwood, OH

EXAMPLE 1

[0072] This example demonstrates the utility of Nafion®) NR50 perfluorosulfonic acid resin as a catalyst for the substantially anhydrous, high-yield preparation of C₁₂ benzene alkylsulfonic acid from AOS acid. To a 300 mL glass-lined autoclave were added 20.0 g (0.0805 moles) of crude C₁₋₂ alkene sulfonic acid (AOS Acid, EW=248.4), prepared via falling film reaction of 1-dodecene with SO₃, 112 mL of benzene, and 20 g of Nafion® NR50 perflourosulfonic acid resin catalyst that had been previously dried under N₂ at 150° C. for 2 hours. As characterized by acid content and ¹H NMR analysis, the starting crude AOS acid was a mixture of approximately 60% sultones and 40% alkene sulfonic acids. In order to remove incidental water taken up by the AOS acid during handling, the reactor was heated to 1200C with a single valve of the autoclave open to atmosphere and 40 mL of benzene and benzene/water azeotrope were distilled off from the reaction mixture. At this point, the reaction mixture contained 10 molar equivalents of benzene relative to AOS acid. The open valve was then closed and the reaction mixture was heated with stirring at 1300C (30-40 p.s.i.) for 15 hours. Upon cooling, the reaction mixture was removed from the autoclave, filtered, and concentrated by vacuum rotary evaporation to afford a viscous, brown oil. Titration of the product with 0.1 N cyclohexylamine in methanol indicated 2.905 meq acid/g product (94% of the theoretical value of 3.063 meq acid/g for 100% C₁₂ benzene arylalkysulfonic acid). ¹H NMR spectroscopy (methanol d-4) indicated high conversion of AOS acid during the reaction, as judged by the absence of peaks corresponding to alkene sulfonic acids (vinylic protons, δ 6.0-5.0 ppm) and a very minimal peak at δ 4.6 ppm, corresponding to sultone. Based on relative proton integration, the sultone content was estimated at less than 0.2%. The proton spectrum contained all of the expected features for C₁₂ benzene alkylsulfonic acid: δ 7.4-6.7, multiplet, 5.0H, aromatic protons; δ 3.0-2.2, several sets of multiplets, 1.0H, RCH(phenyl)R′; δ 2.8, multiplet, 2.0H, RCH ₂SO₃H; δ 2.0-0.8, overlapping multiplets and triplets, alkyl CH₂ and CH₃. The presence of several sets of ¹H NMR multiplets for backbone RCH(phenyl)R′ protons indicates that there are multiple positional isomers (positions of attachment of the aromatic ring along the alkylsulfonic acid chain). Percent incorporation of benzene into the product was found to be 100% versus theory based on the 5.0 integration value for aromatic protons. This result suggests that dialkylation (reaction of benzene alkylsulfonic acid with second mole of AOS acid) and AOS dimerization and/or oligomerization occurred to only minor or minimal extents.

[0073] The recovered Nafion® NR50 catalyst was used repeatedly in more than 10 reactions under conditions identical to those described above. The catalyst was found to retain full activity without change in reaction product characteristics upon recycling.

EXAMPLE 2

[0074] This example demonstrates the utility of a dispersion of Nafion® NR50 on silica (i.e., Nafion® SAC-13) as a catalyst for the high-yield preparation of C₁₄₋₁₆ toluene alkysulfonic acid from AOS acid.

[0075] For this reaction, C₁₄₋₁₆ AOS acid (EW=286), prepared via falling film reaction of a 65:35 ratio of C₁₄/C₁₆ alpha-olefins with SO₃, was used. Acid titration and ¹H NMR analysis indicated that this crude AOS acid was a mixture of approximately 60% sultones and 40% alkene sulfonic acids. To a 100 mL round bottom flask was added 11.0 g (0.0385 mole) of C₁₄₋₁₆ AOS acid, 35.4 g (0.385 mole) of toluene, and several teflon boiling chips. The flask was fitted with a short-path still and 20.5 mL (0.192 mole) of toluene and toluene/water azeotrope were distilled from the solution in order to remove trace amounts of water. The remaining solution consisted of a 1:5 molar ratio of AOS acid to toluene. Upon cooling, 26.1 g of the solution (10.0 g of AOS acid) was transferred to a 50 mL round bottom flask, equipped with reflux condenser and N₂ inlet, that contained 10.0 of Nafion® SAC-13 catalyst. The catalyst had been previously dried under N₂ at 150° C. for 3 hrs. The reaction flask was heated to a constant ˜116° C. reflux for 8 h. Over the course of reaction, the mixture lightened in color from dark purple to moderate reddish-brown. During the reaction, 0.2-0.5 g aliquots of liquid were removed periodically for analysis by titration with 0.1 N cyclohexylamine in methanol. Because the conversion of sultone to product resulted in a net mole equivalent generation of sulfonic acid per mole of sultone, the % of sultone converted in the mixture was calculated by interpolation between starting and final acid levels. Acid content in the reaction mixture versus time was as follows. TABLE 1 Time/Hours meq acid/g in Rxn Mixture % Sultone Converted 0 0.5612 0  2 1.0715 71.5 4 1.2306 93.8 6 1.2746 >99^(a   )

[0076] Upon cooling, the reaction mixture was filtered, washing the catalyst with several portions of fresh toluene. The combined filtrates were concentrated by vacuum rotary evaporation to afford a brown, viscous oil. Titration of the product with 0.1 N cyclohexylamine in methanol indicated 2.533 meq acid/gram of product (theory for 100% C₁₄₋₁₆ toluene alkysulfonic acid=2.645). ¹H NMR spectroscopic analysis indicated full conversion of AOS acid and exhibited all of the spectral features expected for C₁₄₋₁₆ toluene alkylsulfonic acid: δ 7.2-6.8, multiplet, 4.1H, aromatic protons; δ 3.0-2.2, several sets of multiplets, 1.0H, RCH(tolyl)R′; δ 2.8, multiplet, 2.0H, RCH ₂SO₃H; δ 2.3, singlet, 3.0H, R—ArCH ₃, δ 2.0-0.8, overlapping multiplets, 28.9H, alkyl CH₂ and CH₃. The normalized proton content of 4.1 aromatic protons and 3.0 tolyl-CH₃ protons relative to RCH₂SO₃H compares favorably to the theoretical value of 4.0H (aromatic) and 3.0H (tolyl-CH₃) for 100% toluene alkylsulfonic acid.

COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES A, B, C, and D

[0077] These examples demonstrate the slow reaction rate and diminished selectivity for alkylation versus AOS acid oligomerization in the reactions of AOS acid with toluene without added catalyst. Reactions between crude C₁₄₋₁₆ AOS Acid and toluene were carried out in round bottom flasks (A and B) or in an autoclave (C and D), depending on the temperature of reaction. Kinetics of reaction were monitored in terms of conversion of sultone to sulfonic acid, either by titration of aliquots with 0.1 N cyclohexylamine in methanol or by ¹H NMR spectoscopy. The following results were obtained: TABLE 2 Mole Equivalents Temp. Time % Sultone Example Toluene (° C.) (hours) Conversion^(a) A 2 130 4 −9.3 11 7.2 16 34.5 20 85.3 27 −99 B 13.4 110 4 −1.3 9 −8.5 13 −15.6 C 5 150 4 −22.3 20 >99 D 2 150 4 13.2 20 >99

[0078] The negative sultone conversion values indicate that there were net increases in total sultone in the reaction mixtures in the course of these reactions. These increases were due to the conversion of alkene sulfonic acids to sultones. As compared to the conversion versus time data provided in Example 2, where 93.8% conversion of sultone was achieved after 4 hours of reaction, the rates of sultone conversion for the uncatalyzed reactions were very slow, even at 150° C. Comparison of the 4 hour data points for comparative Examples C and D indicates that a major effect of increasing toluene molar equivalents relative to AOS acid was to decrease rate of sultone conversion to product.

[0079] For Examples A, C, and D, products were isolated by vacuum rotary evaporation. For these samples, ¹HNMR spectroscopy indicated the absence of alkene sulfonic acids and only trace amounts of sultones. The sum of the integration values for the RCH₂SO₃H and RR′R″CH peaks (δ3.2-2.1H, minus integration due to ArCH₃) was set to 3.0 H. The normalized spectral data indicated that only 77-84% of the theoretical amount of toluene was incorporated into the products, which is substantially lower than the incorporation achieved in the superacid-catalyzed reaction described in Example 2. Information about the product compositions was obtained based on the assumption that possible side products include AOS dimer acids, resulting from the oligomerization of AOS acid, and toluene dialkylsulfonic acids, resulting from the dialkylation of toluene with 2 equivalents of AOS acid. The fraction of toluene dialkylsulfonic acid (dialkylate) in the aromatic-containing portion of the product was estimated crudely from the ratio of aromatic protons to tolyl-CH₃ protons. For 100% monoalkylate, this ratio has a theoretical value of 1.333 (4 protons/3 protons). For 100% dialkylate, the ratio has a theoretical value of 1.000 (3 protonsl3 protons). The fraction of dialkylate in the aromatic-containing portion of the product was calculated as follows:

[0080] Fraction ArCH₃ as dialkylate=[1.333−(ArH integration/ArCH ₃ integration)]/0.333

[0081] Assigning RCH₂SO₃H groups as a reference of 1 molar unit, molar quantities were calculated, recognizing that dialkylates and AOS acid dimers each contain 2 mole equivalents of sulfonic acid. These quantities were calculated as follows:

[0082] Mole RSO₃H=1.0

[0083] Mole ArCH₃=ArCH ₃ integration/3

[0084] Mole dialkylate=Fraction ArCH₃ as dialkylate*Mole ArCH₃

[0085] Mole toluene alkylsulfonic acid=Mole ArCH₃−Mole dialkyalte

[0086] Mole AOS dimer acid =[1.0−Mole toluene alkylsulfonic acid−(Mole dialkylate*2)]/2

[0087] By summing the molar quantities of toleune alkylsulfonic acid, dialkylate, and AOS dimer acid to give a total molar quantity, it was trivial to calculate mole fractions for each component. By far, the largest error in this analysis was the estimation of (Fraction ArCH₃ as dialkylate). Small errors in integration values could lead to large error in this estimation. Therefore, the composition of product in terms of dialkylate versus AOS must be viewed as qualitative. The results of the NMR analyses were as follows: TABLE 3 Example: A C D Integration: RCH ₂SO₃H + RR′R″CH 3.0 3.0 3.0 Integration: ArCH ₃ 2.49 2.53 2.32 Integration: ArH 3.27 3.33 3.06 % Toluene Incorporation vs. Theory 83 84 77 Fraction of ArCH₃ as dialkylate 0.0616 0.0578 0.0430 Mole fraction toleuene alkylsulfonic acid 0.875 0.886 0.851 Mole fraction dialkylate 0.057 0.054 0.038 Mole fraction AOS dimer Acid 0.067 0.059 0.111

COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE E

[0088] This example demonstrates the ineffectiveness of sulfuric acid as a catalyst for the reaction of C₁₄₋₁₆ AOS acid with toluene. To a 250 mL round bottom flask equipped with magnetic stir bar and reflux condenser was added 10.0 g (0.035 mole) of crude C₁₄₋₁₆ AOS acid, 43.25 g (0.409 mole) of toluene, and 0.36 g (0.0035 mole) of 95% sulfuric acid. The reaction mixture was refluxed (111° C.) and conversion was monitored in terms of acid content by titration of aliquots with 0.1 N cyclohexylamine in methanol. Results for this reaction and a control reaction without added sulfuric acid were as follows: TABLE 4 meq acid/g Time/hours H₂SO₄ Catalyst No Catalyst 0 0.3744 0.2613 2 0.2756 0.2811 6 0.2430 0.2381 10 0.2200 0.2210 13 0.2173 0.1998

[0089] Both the reaction with added H₂SO₄ and the control reaction exhibited substantial loss in acid content as a consequence of net generation of sultones from alkene sulfonic acids. These data clearly demonstrate that sulfuric acid was ineffective in promoting the conversion of sultones to arylalkylsulfonic acid.

EXAMPLES 3-6

[0090] These examples demonstrate the utility of superacidic materials as catalysts for the substantially anhydrous preparation of Cl₂ benzene alkylsulfonic acid from C₁₂ δ-sultone (1,4-sultone). Crude C₁₂ AOS acid was digested at 90° C. for 24 hours to convert all alkene sulfonic acid and gamma sultone (1,3-sultone) to delta sultone (1,4-sultone). The acid was then dissolved in a 50/50 mixture of ethanol and water and neutralized to pH>10 with sodium hydroxide. This solution was extracted with several portions of hexanes, and the combined extracts were dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated to a wax. The crude sultone was crystallized at −30° C. from hexanes (ca. 6:1 ratio hexanes to sultone), filtered while cold, and dried to afford high purity dodecene δ-sultone (dodecene-1,4-sultone) as a white, crystalline solid. The sultone contained less than 0.1% water, as determined by Karl Fischer titration.

[0091] For each reaction, 1 part dry catalyst, 1 part dodecene δ-sultone, and a specified amount of aromatic reagent (expressed in mol equivalents versus sultone), were reacted for a period of time sufficient to achieve >99% conversion of the sultone. After removal of the catalyst by filtration and concentration of the product by vacuum rotary evaporation, analysis of the product was conducted via ¹H NMR spectroscopy in methanol d-4. For all of these examples, the analyses indicated full conversion of sultone, no detectable amounts of alkene sulfonic acids, and structural features as expected for arylalkylsulfonic acids. Reaction conditions and results in terms of percent of theoretical aromatic incorporation into product were as follows: TABLE 5 Equivalents of Rxn Rxn Aromatic Aromatic Time Temp. Incorporation Example Catalyst (vs. Sultone) (Hrs) (° C.) (% of theory) 3 Nafion ® NR50³ 10 eq. of benzene 12 130 92% 4 Nafion ® NR50^(a) 13.4 eq. of toluene 6 111 97% 5 Nafion ® NR50^(a) 10 eq. of phenol 20 120 97% 6 Zirconium Tungstate^(b) 10 eq. of toluene 11 111 95%

EXAMPLES 7-8

[0092] These examples demonstrate the negative effect of water on the kinetics of superacid catalyzed and uncatalyzed reactions of C₁₂ AOS acid with benzene. For each example, crude C₁₂ AOS acid, 1 mole equivalent of benzene, optional water, and optional catalyst were placed in a 23 mL poly-(tetrafluoroethylene)-lined acid digestion bomb (Parr Instrument Company, Moline, Ill., part #4749). After sealing, the digestion bomb was placed in a 120° C. oven for 20 hours without stirring. Upon cooling, a small aliquot of the reaction mixture was concentrated under vacuum and the residue was analyzed by ¹H NMR spectroscopy in methanol d4. Using the sultone ring proton at −δ 4.6 ppm as an integration standard, estimates were made for the relative molar amounts of acid-equivalent units (sulfonic acid or anhydride) present in the reaction mixture as sultone (δ 4.6 ppm signal), alkene sulfonic acid (via vinylic protons), hydroxyalkane sulfonic acid (via δ 4.2 ppm signal), toluene alkylsulfonic acid (via aromatic proton signals), and the sum of dialkylates and AOS dimer acids (via accounting for the total alkyl chain proton integration after subtraction of the contributions of the other identified components). Reaction conditions and results in terms of percent conversion of AOS acid and selectivity for C₁₂ benzene alkylsulfonic acid were as follows: TABLE 6 Wt % % Selectivity H₂O for on AOS % Conversion alkylsulfonic Example Catalyst acid of AOS acid acid^(a) 7a None   0.063^(b) 67.4 14.6 7b None 0.5 64.5 13.4 7c None 2.0 39.2 12.9 8a Nation ® NR50^(c)   0.142^(b) 81.4 25.1 8b Nafion ® NR50 0.5 78.4 18.8 8c Nafion ® NR50 2.0 62.4 16.4

[0093] Comparison among the entries within Example 7 and within Example 8 indicates that increasing water content decreased both conversion of AOS acid and selectivity for benzene alkylsulfonic acid. These data exemplify the desirability of performing the reaction between AOS acid and an aromatic compound to afford arylalkylsulfonic acids under substantially anhydrous conditions. In addition, comparison of data between Examples 7 and 8 reveals that, even without any stirring, the presence of heterogeneous superacid catalyst improved both AOS acid conversion and selectivity for benzene alkylsulfonic acid.

EXAMPLE 9

[0094] This example demonstrates the utility of a strongly acidic ion-exchange resin as a catalyst for the high-yield preparation of C₁₂ toluene alkylsulfonic acid from AOS acid. To a 500 mL round bottom flask equipped with magnetic stir bar, toluene-pre-filled Dean-Stark trap, condenser, and N₂ inlet was added 95 g (0.382 mole) of crude C₁₂ alkene sulfonic (AOS) acid. In order to remove water adsorbed by the acid during storage and handling, the solution was heated to reflux for 30 minutes, collecting ˜0.3 mL of water in the Dean-Stark trap. The trap was then replaced with a 23×2 cm column of dry molecular sieves and the solution was further refluxed until the condensation front reached the top of the column (approximately 15 minutes). Upon cooling, 40 mL (0.05 mole C₁₂ AOS acid and 0.25 mole toluene) of this dried solution was transferred under N₂ to a 250 mL 4-neck flask that was equipped with magnetic stir bar, thermocouple, condenser, N₂ inlet, and septum. To this flask was added 12.4 g of thoroughly washed and dried (115° C. under vacuum) Amberlyst® 15 catalyst. The mass ratio of AOS acid to catalyst was 1:1. The reaction mixture was then heated in a 130° C. oil bath for 6 h; the reflux temperature of the reaction mixture was 117-119°. Upon cooling, the reaction mixture was filtered, washing the catalyst with several portions of fresh toluene. The combined filtrates were concentrated by vacuum rotary evaporation (70° C., <250 mtorr) to afford a deep red, viscous oil. Titration of the product with 0.1 N cyclohexylamine in methanol indicated 2.736 milliequivalents of sulfonic acid per gram of product (theory for 100% C₁₂ toluene alkylsulfonic acid =2.937). ¹H NMR spectroscopy (methanol d-4) indicated complete conversion of AOS acid to the desired toluene alkylsulfonic acid, with aromatic incorporation corresponding to 102% of theory for monoalkylate product.

EXAMPLE 10

[0095] This example demonstrates the utility of linear alkylbenzenesulfonic acid as a catalyst for the reaction of AOS acid with an aromatic compound to afford a mixed sulfonic acid product. To a 500 mL round bottom flask equipped with magnetic stir bar, condenser, thermocouple, and N₂ inlet was added an azeotropically dried solution of 20.0 g (0.0805 mole) of C₁₂ AOS acid and 37.1 g (0.403 mole) of toluene. To this solution was added 54.5 g (0.171 mole) of linear alkylbenzenesulfonic acid (obtained by the falling-film sulfonation of linear alkylbenzene with SO₃; average chain length of C_(11.4), MW=318.1) that had been dried by azeotropic distillation with toluene. The reaction mixture was then refluxed (129° C.) for 3 h. Periodic analysis of aliquots pulled from the reaction indicated that the acid content of the reaction mixture had leveled off after 2 h. Upon cooling, the product was isolated by vacuum rotary evaporation to afford a deep red, viscous oil. The acid content of the product was 2.995 milliequivalents acid/gram. ¹H NMR analysis indicated the expected product composition, with an approximately 2:1 ratio of linear alkylbenzenesulfonic acid to C12 toluene alkylsulfonic acid.

EXAMPLE 11

[0096] This example demonstrates the utility of an AOS-acid digestion step prior to reaction with toluene as a means of improving the rate of reaction for the synthesis of arylalkysulfonic acid. To a 100 mL round bottom flask equipped with magnetic stir bar was added 15.0 g (0.0524 moles) of dry C₁₄₋₁₆ AOS acid. The flask was heated under N₂ at 150° C. for 1 hour. Upon cooling, 9.67 g (0.105 moles) of toluene was added, the flask was fitted with a reflux condenser and N₂ inlet, and the mixture was heated in a 130° C. oil bath until acid content had become constant. Sultone conversion for this reaction, together with a control reaction in which no digestion step had been used, was as follows: TABLE 7 Approximate % Sultone Conversion Reaction Time (hours) Example 15 Control (no digestion) 0 5 0 2 9 −9 9 54 −1 13 91 14 24 18 99 55 22 99

EXAMPLES 12-15

[0097] These examples demonstrate the utility of using toluene alkylsulfonic acid product from a previous reaction as a promoter for the reaction of AOS acid with toluene. For each example, C₁₄₋₁₆ toluene alkylsulfonic acid (low dialkylate and low AOS dimer acid content), prepared by Nafion® NR50-catalyzed reaction of AOS acid with toluene in a process comparable to those given in Example 2, was used as a promoter in the reaction of C₁₄₋₁₆ AOS acid with toluene. Progress of reaction was monitored by cyclohexylamine titration of sulfonic acid that had been generated from the conversion of sultones in the AOS acid, taking into account the sulfonic acids already present in the reaction system from alkene sulfonic acid and the promoter acid. Reaction conditions and approximate sultone conversion were as follows: TABLE 8 Example: 12 13 14 15 Reaction Temp. 130 130 130 130 Mole equivalents Toluene 2 2 2 5 Mole equivalents toluene alkysulfonic acid as 0.25 1.0 2.0 2.0 reaction promoter^(a) Reaction Time(hours): Approx. % Approx. % Approx. % Approx. % Sultone Sultone Sultone Sultone Conversion Conversion Conversion Conversion  0.5 0 <1 19 10  1 −1 15 54 21  2 −2 56 90 56  3 −1 86 >99 81  4 0 95 91  5 2 98 >99  8 >99 10.5 24 12 39 15.5 82 19 96 23 >99

[0098] It is apparent from the data that as the amount of toluene alkylsulfonic acid added to the reaction as a promoter was increased, the rate of sultone conversion increased dramatically. Comparative Example A provides data as a control reaction: relative to this control reaction, the presence of 0.25 mole equivalents of toluene alkylsulfonic acid (Example 12) afforded a noticeably improved rate of conversion. Comparison of data for Examples 14 and 15 indicate that an effect of increasing the equivalents of toluene used was to decrease the rate of sultone conversion.

[0099] The products of the reactions were isolated and analyzed by ¹H NMR, utilizing the methods described in Comparatives examples A-D. The compositions identified were a reflection of the fate of both the AOS acid in the reaction and the toluene alkylsulfonic acid that was incorporated as a promoter. Negative mole fraction values for AOS dimer acids (which were evaluated based on subtraction of toluene alkylsufonic acid and dialkylates from total acid) are a reflection of the errors associated with NMR integration and the computation methods used to calculate composition. The NMR analysis results were as follows: TABLE 9 Example 12 13 14 15 Integration: 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 RCH ₂SO₃H + RR′R″CH Integration: ArCH₃ 2.60 2.68 2.64 2.92 Integration: ArH 3.35 3.43 3.37 3.79 % Toluene vs. theory 86 89 88 97 for 100% toluene alkylsulfonic acid Fraction of ArCH₃ 0.137 0.155 0.167 0.113 as dialkylate Mole fraction toluene 0.856 0.860 0.846 0.927 alkylsulfonic acid Mole fraction dialkylate 0.136 0.158 0.170 0.118 Mole fraction AOS dimer 0.007 −0.018 −0.016 −0.045 acid

[0100] The above compositional analyses indicate that the method used in these examples was effective to providing mixtures of arylalkylsulfonic acids with minor, but significant, amounts of aryl dialkylsulfonic acids (dialkylates) and negligible amounts of AOS dimer acid. The presence of minor amounts of dialkylates was supported by the presence of small peaks in ¹H NMR region of δ 6.9-6.65 ppm. These small peaks were minimal in products of very high toluene alkylsulfonic acid composition (for example, the product of Example 2).

EXAMPLE 16

[0101] This example demonstrates the utility of repeatedly using the products of previous syntheses of benzene alkylsulfonic acid to afford products that are substantially enriched in benzene dialkylsulfonic acids. To a 300 mL glass-lined autoclave was added 19.75 g (0.0795 mole) of crude C₁₂ AOS Acid, 74 g (0.947 mole) of benzene, and 51.89 g (0.159 mole) of C₁₂ benzene alkylsulfonic acid that had been previously prepared via the process described in Example 1. With a single valve of the autoclave open to atmosphere, the reactor was heated to 120° C. and 50 mL of benzene and benzene/water azeotrope were distilled off from the reaction mixture. At this point, the reaction mixture contained 5 molar equivalents of benzene relative to AOS acid. The reactor was cooled, an additional 50 mL of benzene was added, and the distillation of 50 mL of benzene and benzene/water azeotrope was repeated. The open valve was then closed and the reaction mixture was heated with stirring at 130° C. (30-40 p.s.i.) for 4 hours. Upon cooling, the product was isolated by vacuum rotary evaporation. The process was then repeated 3 times, each time using 51 grams of the product of the previous reaction to promote the reaction of 19.75 g of C₁₂ AOS acid with 5 mole equivalents of benzene.

[0102] The products from each cycle were characterized by ¹H NMR in terms of mole fractions of C₁₂ benzene alkylsulfonic acid, benzene dialkylsulfonic acid (dialkylate), and AOS dimer acids. Unlike products derived from toluene, the aromatic signals for benzene alkylsulfonic acid (δ 7.34-7.09 ppm) and benzene dialkylsulfonic acid (δ 7.08-6.85 ppm) were resolved. Therefore, the relative amounts of mono- vs. dialkylate were readily calculated and were subject to less error than calculations for toluene-based products. To normalize integration values, δ 3.2-2.1 ppm (RCH₂SO₃H+RR′R″CH) was set equal to 3.0H. The molar equivalents of benzene alkylsulfonic acid, dialkylate, and AOS dimer acids were then calculated as follows:

[0103] Molar Equivalents:

[0104] Benzene alkylsulfonic acid=Integration ArH (δ 7.34-7.09 ppm)/5.0

[0105] Dialkylate=Integration ArH (δ 7.08−6.85 ppm)/4.0

[0106] AOS dimer=[3.0−(benzene alkylsulfonic acid*3.0)−(dialkylate*6.0)]/6.0

[0107] By summing the molar equivalents, it was trivial to calculate mole fractions for each component. The results of NMR analyses were as follows: TABLE 10 Reaction Cycle 1 2 3 4 Integration: 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 RCH ₂SO₃H + RR′R″CH Integration: 3.30 2.80 2.48 2.363 ArH of Benzene Alkylsulfonic acid Integration: ArH of dialkylate 0.608 0.732 0.785 0.778 Mole fraction benzene 0.795 0.718 0.663 0.642 alkylsulfonic acid Mole fraction 0.183 0.235 0.263 0.264 dialkylate Mole fraction AOS dimer acid 0.022 0.048 0.074 0.094

[0108] The above compositional analyses indicate that the method used in these examples was effective to providing mixtures of arylalkylsulfonic acids with significant amounts of aryl dialkylsulfonic acids and lesser amount of AOS dimer acids. On a weight basis the product of cycle 4 contained 51% benzene alkylsulfonic acid, 37% benzene dialkylsulfonic acid, and 12% AOS dimer acid.

EXAMPLES 17-19

[0109] These examples demonstrate the utility of reacting AOS acid with arylalkylsulfonic acid in the absence of additional aromatic compounds to afford mixtures of arylalkylsulfonic acids, aryl dialkylsulfonic acids, and AOS dimer acids. For each reaction, arylalkylsulfonic acid that had been previously synthesized from C₁₂ AOS acid and an aromatic compound using Nafion® NR50 catalyst was used. Equimolar mixtures of these acids with C₁₂ AOS acid were reacted at elevated temperature until acid content became constant and were then analyzed by ¹H NMR spectroscopy. Toluene-derived products were analyzed by the method described in Comparative Examples A-D, whereas benzene-derived products were analyzed by the method described in Example 16. The follow results were obtained: TABLE 11 Example 17 18 19 Aromatic Toluene Benzene Benzene Reaction Time (hours) 2 20 1 Reaction Temperature (° C.) 130 100 150 Mole Fraction 0.236 0.504 0.460 Arylalkylsulfonic acid Mole fraction dialkylate 0.818 0.284 0.319 Mole fraction −0.055 0.212 0.222 AOS dimer acid

[0110] As was discussed in Examples 12-15, a negative mole fraction value for AOS dimer acid (which was evaluated based on subtraction of toluene alkylsufonic acid and dialkylates from total acid) is a reflection of the errors associated with NMR integration and the computation methods used to calculate composition for toluene-derived products. Even so, the spectroscopic data clearly supported a substantial conversion of starting material to dialkylate in the reaction of Example 17.

EXAMPLE 20

[0111] This example illustrates the useful surfactant properties of the sodium salts of arylalkylsulfonic acids prepared from the superacid catalyzed reaction of AOS acid with aromatic compounds.

[0112] Aqueous solutions of sodium salts of arylalkylsulfonic acids, synthesized via the reactions of AOS acids with aromatic compounds in methods comparable to those of Examples 1-2, were prepared by neutralization of the acids with sodium hydroxide in de-ionized (Dl) water. Surface tensions of 0.1 wt % surfactant solutions in Dl water were measured on an electrobalance tensiometer equipped with a platinum Wilhelmy plate after 2 h equilibration at 25° C. Foamability (initial foam height) and foam stability (foam height after 5 minutes) of 0.1 wt % surfactant solutions in Dl water were determined at 25° C. utilizing the apparatus described in ASTM D 1173-53 “Standard Test Method for Foaming Properties of Surface-Active Agents.”

[0113] Wetting performance of 0.1 wt % surfactant solutions in Dl water was evaluated at room temperature (22±3° C.) according to the method described in ASTM D 2281-68 “Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Wetting Agents by the Skein Test.”

[0114] The following test results were obtained: TABLE 12 Surface Tension Wetting Time Initial Foam 5 min. Foam Sodium Salt (dyne/cm) (sec.) Height (cm) Height (cm) C₁₂ Benzene 40.2 25 16.5 16.5 Alkylsulfonic Acid C₁₂ Toluene 37.7 15 16.5 15.5 Alkylsulfonic Acid C₁₂ Xylene 35.9 20 17.0 16.5 Alkylsulfonic Acid C₁₂ Cumene 34.5 21 16.0 15.5 Alkylsulfonic Acid C₁₄₋₁₆ Toluene 36.5 41 15.5 15.5 Alkylsulfonic Acid

[0115] The above data demonstrate that a variety of arylalkylsufonic acid sodium salts exhibit good surface tension lowering properties, moderately good wetting performance, and very good foamability and foam stability properties.

EXAMPLE 21

[0116] This example demonstrates the useful detergent properties of the sodium salts of C₁₂ Benzene alkylsulfonic acids enriched in dialkylates and AOS dimer acids, as prepared by the method described in Example 16.

[0117] Aqueous solutions of sodium salts of sulfonic acids were prepared by neutralization of the acids with sodium hydroxide in de-ionized (DI) water. These surfactants were evaluated for their ability to clean artificially soiled fabrics by washing fabric swatches in 1 liter of 0.05 wt % solutions of the surfactants in 90 ppm 3:2 Ca/Mg hard water. A laboratory scale washing machine (Terg-o-tometer, United States Testing Co., 1415 Park Ave., Hoboken, N.J.) was utilized with the following test conditions: duplicate swatches of soiled fabrics, as specified in the table below, all swatch types combined in a single pot for a single surfactant; 100° F. wash water, −80° F. rinse water; 100 RPM agitation; 10 minute wash, 5 minute rinse. Detergency was measured in terms of swatch color difference (AE; larger values =greater detergency), which was calculated from photoelectric colorimeter data on swatches before and after washing as follows:

ΔE=[(L _(w) −L _(u))²+(a _(w) −a _(u))²+(b _(w) −b _(u))²]^(1/2)

[0118] where:

[0119] L=reflectance

[0120] a=redness/greenness

[0121] b=yellowness/blueness

[0122] w=after washing

[0123] u=before washing

[0124] The following detergency results were obtained: TABLE 13 Detergency (ΔE) DS DS DS WFK EMPA- Sodium Salt Cot^(a) PC^(b) Poly^(c) Cot^(d) 101^(e) C_(11.4) Linear 4.83 3.31 3.56 2.34 7.63 Alkylbenzenesulfonic Acid C₁₂ Benzene 4.43 3.87 4.48 2.34 6.63 Alkylsulfonic Acid⁹ Example 16, Cycle #1 6.42 5.00 6.18 3.61 7.51 Example 16, Cycle #2 6.04 4.84 5.87 3.42 7.11 Example 16, Cycle #3 6.43 5.33 6.40 2.67 7.05 Example 16, Cycle #4 6.56 5.44 7.26 2.83 7.67

[0125] The above data demonstrate that, relative to C₁₄ linear alkylbenzenesulfonic acid sodium salt (LAS), which is a widely utilized anionic surfactant for laundry and cleaning applications, C₁₂ benzene alkylsulfonic acid sodium salt displays comparable detergency performance in the unformulated single-surfactant tests. In addition, the above data illustrate the improved detergency of C₁₂ benzene alkylsulfonates that are enriched in dialkylates and AOS dimer acid salts, as produced by the method detailed in Example 16.

EXAMPLES 22-23 and COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE F

[0126] These examples demonstrate the use of arylalkylsulfonic acids as surfactant ingredients in solvent-free all-purpose cleaner formulations.

[0127] Solvent-free all-purpose cleaner formulations were prepared using the ingredients listed in the table below: TABLE 14 Comparative Ingredient Example 22 Example 23 Example F Sodium Xylene 1.38 g 1.38 g 1.39 g Sulfonale (40% Active) Tetra-sodium 0.44 0.43 0.45 EDTA^(a) Sodium 0.22 0.21 0.21 metasilicate · 5H₂O C₁₂ Benzene 0.88 — — Alkylsulfonic acid C₁₂ Toluene — 0.88 — Alkylsulfonic acid Ninol ® 11-CM^(b) — — 0.88 Sodium Hydroxide 0.11 0.13 0.11 (50% aqueous) DI Water 46.96 46.97 46.94 Appearance Clear Solution Clear Solution Clear Solution pH 10.49 11.37 11.97

[0128] Examples 22 and 23 are comparable in composition to Comparative Example F, except that Ninol® 11-CM was replace with an equivalent amount of C₁₂ arylalkylsulfonic acid. In all three formulations, a clear solution was obtained, indicating good compatibility of the arylalkylsulfonic acids with the other formulating components.

EXAMPLES 24-25 AND COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE G

[0129] These examples demonstrate the use of arylalkylsulfonic acids as surfactant ingredients in all-purpose cleaner formulations.

[0130] Sovelnt-containing all-purpose cleaner formulations were prepared using the ingredients listed in the table below: TABLE 15 Comparative Ingredient Example 24 Example 25 Example G Propylene Glycol 0.69 g 0.68 g 0.69 g N-Butyl Ether Sodium Xylene 0.88 0.89 0.88 Sulfonate (40% Active) Tetra-sodium 0.46 0.46 0.46 EDTA^(a) C₁₂ Benzene 0.67 — — Alkylsulfonic acid C₁₂ Toluene — 0.69 — Alkylsulfonic acid Ninol ® 11-CM^(b) — — 0.68 Sodium Hydroxide 0.15 0.15 0.10 (50% aqueous) DI Water 47.15 47.13 47.19 Appearance Clear Solution Clear Solution Clear Solution pH 11.36 11.25 12.28

[0131] Examples 24 and 25 are comparable in composition to Comparative Example G, except that Ninol® 11-CM was replace with an equivalent amount of C₁₂ arylalkylsulfonic acid. In all three formulations, a clear solution was obtained, indicating good compatibility of the arylalkylsulfonic acids with the other formulating components.

EXAMPLES 26-27 AND COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE H

[0132] These examples demonstrate the utility of arylalkylsulfonic acids as surfactant ingredients in pine oil cleaner concentrate formulations.

[0133] Pine oil cleaner concentrate formulations were prepared using the ingredients listed in the table below. Cleaning performance on vinyl tiles at room temperature was evaluated using ASTM D 4488-95, Annex A5, “Particulate and Oily SoilNinyl Tiles Test Method.” This test used a modified Gardner Straight Line Washability Apparatus, as described in ASTM D 4488-95, Annex A4. The formulations were evaluated at 3.9 mL of concentrate diluted to 500 mL with Dl water. Formulations and tests results were as follows: TABLE 16 Comparative Ingredient Example 26 Example 27 Example H Pine Oil 10.03 g 10.01 g 10.01 g Ninol ® 11-CM^(a) 4.50 4.50 4.50 Nonylphenol 12^(b) 2.50 2.50 2.50 Lauramine Oxide (30% Active) 0.25 0.25 0.25 C₁₂ Benzene 1.00 — — Alkylsulfonic acid C₁₂ Toluene — 1.00 — Aikylsulfonic acid Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid — — 1.00 Isopropanol 5.00 5.00 5.00 DI Water 26.75 26.75 26.75 Appearance Clear Solution Clear Solution Clear Solution pH 8.95 9.05 8.95 Gardner Straight Line Washability Average Percent Soil Removal 72.9% 81.7% 73.7%

[0134] The above data demonstrate the utility of arylalkylsulfonic acids in Pine Oil cleaner concentrate formulations. Performance of the C₁₋₂ arylalkylsulfonic acid-containing formulations equaled or slightly surpassed the performance of the dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (LAS) control formulation (Comparative Example H).

EXAMPLES 28-29 AND COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 1

[0135] These examples demonstrate the utility of arylalkylsulfonic acids as surfactant ingredients in economy light-duty liquid formulations for use as dish detergents.

[0136] Economy light-duty liquid formulations were prepared using the ingredients listed in the table below. Performance as dish-washing liquids was evaluated using the Mini-Plate Test, which is described in full in Example 1 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,637,758; to Sajic, et. al., Jun. 10, 1997. For each example, 6 g of a 10 wt % solution of formulation in Dl water was diluted to 400 g with tap water. Formulations and tests results were as follows: TABLE 17 Comparative Ingredient Example 28 Example 29 Example I BIO-TERGE ® AS-40^(a) 15.39 parts 15.4 parts 15.4 parts STEOL ® CS-460^(b) 9.0 9.0 9.0 Cocamidopropyl 4.0 4.0 4.0 Betaine (30% Active) C_(11.4) Linear — — 1.0 Alkylbenzenesulfonic Acid C₁₂ Benzene AASA 1.02 — — C₁₂ Toluene AASA — 1.0 — NaOH (50% aq.) 0.406 Q.S. 0.294 Sulfuric acid 0.02 0.02 0.06 (10% aq.) NaCl 3.0 3.0 3.0 DI Water 70.6 70.6 70.6 Total w/w 100.0 100.0 100.0 Appearance 25° C. Clear liquid Clear liquid Clear liquid pH (as is) 25° C. 6.04 6.06 5.99 Color Gardner 2 1 1 Viscosity (cps) 30 40 120 25° C. with 3% NaCl Mini-Plate Test Performance Mini-plates washed 15 15 18

[0137] The above data demonstrate the utility of arylalkylsulfonic acids in economy light-duty liquid formulations. Performance of the C₁₂ arylalkylsulfonic acid-containing formulations demonstrated minor difference in performance relative to the dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (LAS) control formulation (Comparative Example I).

EXAMPLES 30-31 AND COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE J

[0138] These examples demonstrate the use of arylalkylsulfonic acids as surfactant ingredients in “Ultra” dish detergent formulations.

[0139] Light-duty liquid formulations, comparable to “Ultra” dish detergent formulations, were prepared using the ingredients listed in the table below: TABLE 18 Comparative Ingredient Example 30 Example 31 Example J C_(11.4) Linear — — 12.30 parts Alkylbenzenesulfonic Acid C₁₂ Benzene AASA 13.67 parts — — C₁₂ Toluene AASA — 11.74 parts — Sodium Hydroxide (50% aq) 3.03 2.4 3.03 STEOL ® CS-370^(a) 5.28 5.26 5.25 ALPHA-STEP ® MC-48^(b) 7.23 7.84 7.23 Cocamidopropylamine 4.54 4.53 4.55 oxide (33% Active) Magnesium Sulfate, 3.89 3.91 3.88 (27% aq) Ethanol 3.00 1.80 1.50 Sodium Xylene Sulfonate 3.03 3.00 3.00 (40% Active) Propylene Glycol 1.50 1.51 1.50 Water 24.69 16.77 8.69 Citric Acid 0.01 — — Total w/w 69.87 58.76 50.93 Appearance 25° C. Clear liquid Clear liquid Clear liquid pH (as is) 25° C. 6.98 7.00 6.93

[0140] Examples 30 and 31 are comparable in composition to Comparative Example J, except that C₁₁₋₄ linear alkylbenzenesulfonic acid was replace with a similar amount of C₁₂ arylalkylsulfonic acid. In all three formulations, a clear solution was obtained, indicating good compatibility of the arylalkylsulfonic acids with the other formulating components.

EXAMPLES 32-33 AND COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE K

[0141] These examples demonstrate the use of arylalkylsulfonic acids as surfactant ingredients in “Premium Ultra” dish detergent formulations.

[0142] Light-duty liquid formulations, comparable to “Premium Ultra” dish detergent formulations, were prepared using the ingredients listed in the table below: TABLE 19 Comparative Ingredient Example 32 Example 33 Example K C_(11.4) Linear — — 12.13 parts Alkylbenzenesulfonic Acid C₁₂ Benzene AASA 13.57 parts — — C₁₂ Toluene AASA — 15.61 parts — STEOL CS ® 460^(a) 9.01 9.00 9.00 ALPHA-STEP ® MC-48^(b) 7.50 7.60 7.50 NINOL ® 40-CO^(c) 2.25 2.25 2.25 Sodium Hydroxide 3.11 3.20 3.115 (50% aq.) Ethanol 1.0 1.00 1.00 Citric Acid 0.51 0.18 0.01 DI Water 15.39 29.49 15.385 Total w/w 52.34 68.33 50.39 Appearance 25° C. Clear liquid Dark liquid Clear liquid pH (as is) 25° C. 6.95 6.49 7.08 Viscosity (cps) 25° C. 850 1500 1100

[0143] Examples 32 and 33 are comparable in composition to Comparative Example K, except that C₁₄ linear alkylbenzenesulfonic acid was replace with similar amounts of C₁₋₂ arylalkylsulfonic acid.

EXAMPLES 34-36

[0144] These examples demonstrate the use of arylalkylsulfonic acids as surfactant ingredients in heavy-duty laundry detergent powder formulations.

[0145] Powdered laundry detergent formulations were prepared in a laboratory blender using the ingredients listed in the table below. Detergent performance was evaluated using a method comparable to that described in Example 21. Test conditions were: 1.5 g of formulation in 1 L of 140-150 ppm hard water (2:1 Ca/Mg); duplicate swatches of soiled fabrics, as specified in the table below, all swatch types combined in a single pot for a single formulation; 100° F. wash water; 100 RPM agitation; 10 minute wash; hand rinse for 1 minute. Formulations and tests results were as follows: TABLE 20 Ingredient Example 34 Example 35 Example 36 Formulation Type Premium Economy Economy Soda Ash 55.44 parts 66.00 parts 66.00 parts Zeolite A^(a) 15.72 10.00 10.00 Nonylphenol 10^(b) 2.10 2.00 2.00 C₁₂ Toluene 14.40 12.00 0.00 Alkylsulfonic acid C₁₂ Benzene 0.00 0.00 12.00 Alkylsulfonic acid Sodium 10.48 10.00 10.00 Metasilicate SAVINASE ™ 16L 0.62 0.00 0.00 type EX^(c) ALCO3574^(d) 1.24 0.00 0.00 Terg-O-Tometer Performance (Detergency (δE)) WFK/Cot^(e) 6.40 3.48 3.18 WFK/PC^(f) 2.67 2.00 0.27 DS/Cot^(e) 11.40 8.45 8.38 DS/PC^(e) 21.02 20.39 17.14 EMPA-116/Cot⁹ 35.12 20.14 18.97

[0146] The above detergency results are indicative of good detergent performance and are comparable with the performance expected of respective linear alkylbenzenesulfonate-based premium and economy heavy-duty powder laundry detergent formulations.

EXAMPLES 37-40

[0147] These examples demonstrate the utility of arylalkylsulfonic acids as surfactant ingredients in unbuilt and built economy heavy-duty liquid laundry detergent formulations.

[0148] Liquid laundry detergent formulations were prepared using the ingredients listed in the table below. Detergent performance was evaluated using a method comparable to that described in Example 21. Test conditions were: 1.85 g of formulation in 1 L of 140-150 ppm hard water (2:1 Ca/Mg); duplicate swatches of soiled fabrics, as specified in the table below, all swatch types combined in a single pot for a single formulation; 100° F. wash water; 100 RPM agitation; 10 minute wash; hand rinse at 70° C. TABLE 21 Ingredient Example 37 Example 38 Example 39 Example 40 Formulation Unbuilt Built Unbuilt Built Type DI Water 83.72 parts 74.86 parts 83.52 parts 74.47 parts Sodium 2.04 2.82 2.11 2.73 Hydroxide (50% Aqueous) C₁₂ Toluene 9.27 11.98 — — Alkylsulfonic Acid C₁₂ Benzene — — 9.36 12.14 Alkylsulfonic Acid Nonylphenol 9^(a) 4.97 6.39 5.00 6.50 Soda Ash — 1.97 — 2.00 Sodium Xylene — 1.98 — 2.16 Sulfonate (40%) Total 100 100 100 100 Total Actives 15 20 15 20 pH (as-is) 6.5 11.77 6.05 11.78 Appearance Clear, low- Clear, Clear, low- Clear, viscosity viscous viscosity viscous pH (in Terg- 7.61 8.87 7.64 8.86 O-Tometer pot) Terg-O-Tometer Performance (Detergency (□E)) DS/Cot^(b) 6.07 7.88 6.91 6.88 DS/Poly^(b) 4.05 7.17 4.21 4.17 DS /PC^(b) 5.48 8.77 7.44 6.22 WFK/Cot^(b) 4.12 4.70 4.66 3.45 WFK/PC^(c) 2.89 5.25 4.20 4.14 DMO/Cot^(d) 10.13 9.57 10.82 7.78

[0149] The above detergency results are indicative of good detergent performance and are comparable with the performance expected of respective linear alkylbenzenesulfonate-based economy heavy-duty liquid detergent formulations.

EXAMPLES 41-42

[0150] These examples demonstrate the utility of arylalkylsulfonic acids as surfactant ingredients in premium heavy-duty liquid laundry detergent formulations.

[0151] Liquid laundry detergent formulations were prepared using the ingredients listed in the table below. Detergent performance was evaluated using a method comparable to that described in Example 21. Test conditions were: 1.68 g of formulation in 1 L of 140-150 ppm hard water (2:1 Ca/Mg); duplicate swatches of soiled fabrics, as specified in the table below, all swatch types combined in a single pot for a single formulation; 100° F. wash water; 100 RPM agitation; 10 minute wash; hand rinse at 70° C. Formulations and tests results were as follows: TABLE 22 Ingredient Example 41 Example 42 DI H₂O 50.42 parts 49.61 parts Sodium Hydroxide 1.95 2.11 (50% aqueous) Optical Brightener 0.10 0.10 Calcium Chloride 0.05 0.06 C₁₂ Toluene 8.86 — Alkylsulfonic Acid C₁₂ Benzene — 8.86 Alkylsulfonic Acid Propylene Glycol 4.73 4.76 Boric Acid 0.95 0.95 Sodium Laureth 18.55 18.60 Sulfate (60% Active) Nonylphenol 9^(a) 10.66 10.70 Fragrance 0.11 0.11 Dye (1% Solution) 0.01 0.01 SAVINASE ™ 16L 0.057 0.58 type Ex^(b) TERMAMYL ® 300L 0.29 0.29 type DX^(c) ISP PVP K30^(d) 0.95 0.96 ALCO 3564^(e) 0.47 0.47 Sodium Xylene 1.86 1.86 Sulfonate (40% Active) Total 100 100 Total Actives 31 31 pH (as-is) 8.87 8.70 Appearance Hazy, viscous Hazy, viscous pH (in Terg-o-tometer pot) 7.94 7.93 Terg-O-Tometer Performance (Detergency δE)) DS/Cot^(f) 10.62 10.62 DS/PC^(f) 9.93 10.08 WFK/Cot^(f) 4.90 4.40 WFK/PC^(b) 3.98 3.55 Grass/Cot⁹ 8.64 9.09 EMPA 111^(h) 15.95 15.12

[0152] The above detergency results are indicative of good detergent performance and are comparable with the performance expected of linear alkylbenzenesulfonate-based premium heavy-duty liquid detergent formulations.

[0153] The invention and the manner and process of making and using it, are now described in such full, clear, concise and exact terms as to enable any person skilled in the art to which it pertains, to make and use the same. It is to be understood that the foregoing describes preferred embodiments of the present invention and that modifications may be made therein without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention as set forth in the claims. To particularly point out and distinctly claim the subject matter regarded as invention, the following claims conclude this specification. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for preparing an arylalkylsulfonic acid comprising alkylating an aromatic compound with an AOS acid in the presence of a superacid catalyst and at a temperature sufficient to produce an arylalkylsulfonic acid, wherein the alkylation is conducted under substantially anhydrous conditions.
 2. A method according to claim 1, wherein the aromatic compound is selected from the group consisting of benzene, a mono-substituted aromatic compound, a poly-substituted aromatic compound, alkylbenzene, alkoxylated benzene, a polycyclic aromatic compound, a mono-substituted polycyclic aromatic compound, a poly-substituted polycyclic aromatic compound, naphthalene and alkylnaphthalene, or a mixture thereof.
 3. A method according to claim 1, wherein the aromatic compound is selected from the group consisting of phenol, alkylphenol, alkoxylated phenol, and alkoxylated alkylphenol, or a mixture thereof.
 4. A method according to claim 2, wherein the aromatic compound is selected form the group consisting of benzene, toluene, xylene, cumene, ethyl benzene, propylbenzene and naphthalene, or a mixture thereof.
 5. A method according to claim 4, where in the aromatic compound is benzene or toluene.
 6. A method according to claim 1, wherein the AOS acid comprises an alkene sulfonic acid, a sultone or a mixture thereof.
 7. A method according to claim 6, and wherein the sultone is of the formula:

and wherein the alkene sulfonic acid is of the formula:

wherein a is 1, 2 or 3 and b is an integer 1 to 31; wherein c and d are independently integers 0 to 33, provided that c+d=1 to
 33. 8. A method according to claim 1, wherein the molar ratio of alkene sulfonic acid to sultone is from about 1:1 to about 1:4.
 9. A method according to claim 1, wherein the molar ratio of aromatic compound to AOS acid is from about 1:1 to about 30:1.
 10. A method according to claim 9, wherein the molar ratio of aromatic compound to AOS acid is from about 2:1 to about 10:1.
 11. A method according to claim 1, wherein the superacid catalyst is selected from the group consisting of a solid superacid, a perfluorosulfonic acid resin, a supported perfluorosulfonic acid resin, a metal sulfate, zirconium sulfate, zirconium tungstate, a sulfated metal oxyhydroxyide, a sulfated metal oxysilicate, a superacid metal oxide, CF₃SO₃H, or a mixture thereof.
 12. A method according to claim 11, wherein the superacid catalyst is a perfluorosulfonic acid resin or a supported perfluorosulfonic acid resin.
 13. A method according to claim 12, wherein the perfluorosulfonic acid resin is a copolymer of sulfonyl fluorovinyl ether and a fluorocarbon.
 14. A method according to claim 1, wherein the arylalkylsulfonic acid comprises a compound of the formula:

wherein m and n are independently integers 0 to 34, provided that m+n is at least 2 and wherein m+n is equal to or less than 34; wherein R and R′ are independently branched or straight chain C₁₋₃₆ alkyl or substituted alkyl.
 15. A method according to claim 14, wherein the arylalkylsulfonic acid further comprises a compound of the formula:

wherein m and n are independently 0-34, provided that m+n is at least 2 and wherein m+n is equal to or less than 34; wherein o and p are independently 0-34, provided that o+p is at least 2 and wherein o+p is equal to or less than 34; wherein R and R′ are independently branched or straight chain C₁₋₃₆ alkyl or substituted alkyl.
 16. A method according to claim 15, wherein the arylalkylsulfonic acid further comprises an AOS acid dimer compound of the formula:

wherein a and b are independently 0-34, provided that a +b is at least 2 and wherein a +b is equal to or less than 34; wherein c and d are independently 0-34, provided that c+d is at least 2 and wherein c+d is equal to or less than
 34. 17. A method according to claim 1, wherein the alkylation is conducted at a temperature from about 80° C. to about 200° C.
 18. A method according to claim 17, wherein the alkylation is conducted at a temperature from about 100° C. to about 150° C.
 19. A method for preparing an arylalkylsulfonic acid, comprising: a) sulfonating an alpha olefin to form an AOS acid; b) alkylating an aromatic compound with the AOS acid in the presence of a superacid catalyst, wherein the alkylation is conducted under substantially anhydrous conditions and at a temperature sufficient to produce an arylalkylsulfonic acid.
 20. A method according to claim 19, wherein the aromatic compound is selected from the group consisting of benzene, a mono-substituted aromatic compound, a poly-substituted aromatic compound, alkylbenzene, alkoxylated benzene, a polycyclic aromatic compound, a mono-substituted polycyclic aromatic compound, a poly-substituted polycyclic aromatic compound, naphthalene and alkylnaphthalene, or a mixture thereof.
 21. A method according to claim 19, wherein the aromatic compound is selected from the group consisting of phenol, alkylphenol, alkoxylated phenol, and alkoxylated alkylphenol, or a mixture thereof.
 22. A method according to claim 20, wherein the aromatic compound is selected form the group consisting of benzene, toluene, xylene, ethyl benzene, propylbenzene and naphthalene, or a mixture thereof.
 23. A method according to claim 22, where in the aromatic compound is benzene or toluene.
 24. A method according to claim 20, wherein the AOS acid comprises an alkene sulfonic acid, a sultone or a mixture thereof.
 25. A method according to claim 24, wherein the sultone is of the formula:

and wherein the alkene sulfonic acid is of the formula:

wherein a is 1, 2 or 3 and b is an integer 1 to 31; wherein c and d are independently integers 0 to 33, provided that c+d=1 to 33,
 26. A method according to claim 21, wherein the molar ratio of alkene sulfonic acid to sultone is from about 1:1 to about 1:4.
 27. A method according to claim 19, wherein the molar ratio of aromatic compound to AOS acid is from about 1:1 to about 30:1.
 28. A method according to claim 27, wherein the molar ratio of aromatic compound to AOS acid is from about 2:1 to about 10:1.
 29. A method according to claim 19, wherein the superacid catalyst is selected from the group consisting of a solid super-acid, a perfluorosulfonic acid resin, a supported perfluorosulfonic acid resin, a metal sulfate, zirconium sulfate, zirconium tungstate, a sulfated metal oxyhydroxyide, a sulfated metal oxysilicate, a superacid metal oxide, CF₃SO₃H, or a mixture thereof.
 30. A method according to claim 29, wherein the superacid catalyst is a perfluorosulfonic acid resin or a supported perfluorosulfonic acid resin.
 31. A method according to claim 30, wherein the perfluorosulfonic acid resin is a copolymer of sulfonyl fluorovinyl ether and a fluorocarbon.
 32. A method according to claim 19, wherein the arylalkylsulfonic acid comprises a compound of the formula:

wherein m and n are independently integers 0 to 34, provided that m+n is at least 2 and wherein m+n is equal to or less than 34; wherein R and R′ are independently branched or straight chain C₁₋₃₆ alkyl or substituted alkyl.
 33. A method according to claim 32, wherein the arylalkylsulfonic acid further comprises a compound of the formula:

wherein m and n are independently 0-34, provided that m+n is at least 2 and wherein m+n is equal to or less than 34; wherein o and p are independently 0-34, provided that o+p is at least 2 and wherein o+p is equal to or less than 34; wherein R and R′ are independently branched or straight chain C₁₋₃₆ alkyl or substituted alkyl.
 34. A method according to claim 33, wherein the arylalkylsulfonic acid further comprises an AOS acid dimer compound of the formula:

wherein a and b are independently 0-34, provided that a +b is at least 2 and wherein a +b is equal to or less than 34; wherein c and d are independently 0-34, provided that c+d is at least 2 and wherein c+d is equal to or less than
 34. 35. A method according to claim 19, wherein the alpha olefin is of the formula

wherein n=1-33.
 36. A method according to claim 19, wherein the alkylation is conducted at a temperature of about 80° C. to about 200° C.
 37. A method according to claim 36, wherein the alkylation is conducted at a temperature of about 100° C. to about 150° C.
 38. A method for preparing an arylalkylsulfonic acid comprising alkylating an aromatic compound with an AOS acid in the presence of an alkylation promoter comprising a compound of the formula:

wherein m and n are independently integers 0 to 34, provided that m+n is at least 2 and wherein m+n is equal to or less than 34; wherein R and R′ are independently branched or straight chain C₁₋₃₆ alkyl or substituted alkyl, wherein the alkylation is conducted at a temperature sufficient to produce an arylalkylsulfonic acid; and wherein the alkylation is conducted under substantially anhydrous conditions; and wherein the alkylation promoter is present in at least 25% by weight, based on the weight of the AOS acid.
 39. A method for preparing an arylalkylsulfonic acid according to claim 38, wherein the alkylation promoter further comprises a compound of the formula:

wherein m and n are independently 0-34, provided that m+n is at least 2 and wherein m+n is equal to or less than 34; wherein o and p are independently 0-34, provided that o+p is at least 2 and wherein o+p is equal to or less than 34; wherein R and R′ are independently branched or straight chain C₁₋₃₆ alkyl or substituted alkyl.
 40. A method for preparing an arylalkylsulfonic acid according to claim 39, wherein the alkylation promoter further comprises a compound of the formula:

wherein a and b are independently 0-34, provided that a +b is at least 2 and wherein a +b is equal to or less than 34; wherein c and d are independently 0-34, provided that c+d is at least 2 and wherein c+d is equal to or less than
 34. 41. A method according to claim 38, wherein the AOS acid comprises an alkene sulfonic acid, a sultone or a mixture thereof.
 42. A method according to claims 38, wherein the alkylation promotion agent further comprises a superacid catalyst selected from the group consisting of a solid super-acid, a perfluorosulfonic acid resin, a supported perfluorosulfonic acid resin, a metal sulfate, zirconium sulfate, zirconium tungstate, a sulfated metal oxyhydroxyide, a sulfated metal oxysilicate, a superacid metal oxide, CF₃SO₃H, or a mixture thereof.
 43. A method for preparing an arylalkylsulfonic acid comprising a) sulfonating an alpha olefin to form an AOS acid which comprises an alkene sulfonic acid and a sultone; b) alkylating an aromatic compound with the AOS acid in the presence of an alkylation promoter comprising compounds of the formula:

wherein m and n are independently integers 0 to 34, provided that m+n is at least 2 and wherein m+n is equal to or less than 34; wherein R and R′ are independently branched or straight chain C₁₋₃₆ alkyl or substituted alkyl, wherein the alkylation is conducted at a temperature sufficient to produce an arylalkylsulfonic acid, and wherein the alkylation is conducted under substantially anhydrous conditions.
 44. An arylalkylsulfonic acid produced by the process of claims
 1. 45. An arylalkylsulfonic acid produced by the process of claims
 19. 46. An arylalkylsulfonic acid produced by the process of claims
 38. 47. An arylalkylsulfonic acid produced by the process of claims
 43. 